Any noticeable, abrupt, or undesirable change in audio or video during a production is referred to as a technical continuity problem.
We tend to accept some technical continuity problems; others we don't.
News and documentaries are often shot under drastically different conditions, and so we tend to accept such things as changes in video color balance or audio ambiance between scenes.
But in dramatic productions we don't want technical inconsistencies diverting our attention from the storyline. In this type of production the medium (television) should be totally "transparent" so there's nothing to get in the way of the message (the story).
Audio continuity problems can be caused by a wide range of factors including shot-to-shot variations in:

• background sound
• sound ambiance (reverberation within a room, mic distance, etc.)
  
• frequency response of mic or audio equipment
• audio levels

In single-camera production most of these inconsistencies may not be easy to detect on location; it's only when the various shots or takes start to be assembled during editing that you discover the problem.
As you cut from one scene to another you may discover that the talent suddenly seems to move closer or farther away from the mic, or that the level or type of background sound changes (passing traffic, an air conditioner, or whatever).
Some problems can be helped with the skilled use of graphic equalizers or reverberation units. Changes in background sound can sometimes be masked by recording a bed of additional sound, such as music or street noise.
As in most of life, it's easier to avoid problems than to fix them -- assuming there even is a way to fix them.

Things to Be Alert For.

First, be aware that mics used at different distances reproduce sounds differently. This is due to changes in surrounding acoustics, as well as the fact that specific frequencies diminish over distance.
Although some expensive directional mics will minimize the effect of distance, most mics exhibit proximity or presence effects. A good pair of padded earphones placed on top of a set of well-trained ears can detect these differences.
With the increased reliability of wireless mics many production facilities are equipping actors with their own personal mics. The distance of the mic -- it's generally hidden in the person's clothes -- can't change, and because of the proximity of the mic, background sounds tend to be eliminated. Some of the things we talked about in using personal mics should be kept in mind here.
Finally, you need to watch for changes in background sounds. For example, the sound of a passing car or a motorcycle may abruptly appear or disappear when you cut to a shot that was recorded at a different time.
Even if an obvious background sound doesn't disappear, its level may change when you cut from one person to another. This may be due to differences in microphone distance coupled with the level adjustments needed to compensate for the different strength of voices.background scene
The scene here would make a beautiful background for an interview, but the running water could create major sound problems, especially for a single camera interview or a dramatic production.
Audio technicians will typically want to keep the camera or audio recorder running for a minute or so after an interview so that the ambient sound on the location can be recorded. This is referred to as room tone or ambient sound.
You may need to use either of these to cover a needed moment of "silence" or just to give an even and consistent "bed" of sound behind a segment. Low-level audio from a sound effect CD can also be used in this way.

Continuity Issues in Background Music.

Music can smooth the transition between segments and create overall production unity -- if it's used in the right way.
Background music should add to the overall mood and effect of the production without calling attention to itself. The music selected should match the mood, pace, and time period of the production. Vocals should be avoided when the production contains normal (competing) dialogue.
Ideally, the beginning of a musical selection should coincide with the start of a video segment and end as the segment ends. In the real world, this almost never happens, at least without a little production help.
To a limited degree you can electronically speed up and slow down instrumental segments with digital editing equipment, especially if the music is not well known.
Because a kind of continuity issue arises when music has to be faded out "midstream" to conclude at the end of a video segment, you can try backtiming the music.
If the music is longer than the video, you can start the music a predetermined amount of time before starting the video. You then fade in the music as the video starts. This will be less noticeable if the segment starts with narration and the music is subtly brought in behind it.
If you calculate things correctly, the music and the video will both end at the same time.
backtiming Let's assume, for example, that a music selection is two minutes and 40 seconds long and the video is only two minutes long.
By starting the audio 40 seconds before the video and fading it in with the start of the video, they should both end together.
As will see later, all of this is fairly easy when you are using a nonlinear, computer-based editing system. (Everything is visible on the computer screen's time-line.) With linear editing the process takes a bit more work and planning.

Video Continuity Problems.

Video has its own continuity problems; for example, changes in:

• color balance
• tonal balance
• light levels; exposure
• camera optics; sharpness
• recording quality

Intercutting scenes from cameras with noticeably different color characteristics (color balance) in a dramatic production will immediately be apparent to viewers.
To alleviate this problem all cameras should be carefully color-balanced and compared before a production.
This is especially important if multiple cameras are being used and the shots will later be cut together.
Once cameras are color balanced and matched, an electronic test pattern with all of the primary and secondary colors is often recorded at the beginning of the videotape. This has traditionally been used to color balance the video playback. However today, many systems can electronically adjust color from the recording's integrated color reference signal.



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Opiniku
Iwan Fals ( Album Opini 1982 )


Manusia sama saja dengan binatang
Selalu perlu makan
Namun caranya berbeda
Dalam memperoleh makanan

Binatang tak mempunyai akal dan pikiran
Segala cara halalkan demi perut kenyang
Binatang tak pernah tahu rasa belas kasihan
Padahal disekitarnya petani berjalan pincang

Namun kadang kala ada manusia
Seperti binatang ( kok bisa ? )
Bahkan lebih keji
Dari binatang macanTampar kiri kanan alasan untuk makan
Padahal semua tahu dia serba kecukupan
Intip kiri kanan lalu curi jatah orang
Peduli sahabat kental kurus kering kelaparan

Manusia sama saja dengan binatang
Selalu perlu makan
Namun caranya berbeda
Dalam memperoleh makanan

Namun kadang kala ada manusia
Seperti binatang
Bahkan manusia lebih keji
Dari binatang
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Avid
From the most prestigious, award-winning productions, to music and movies made at home, Avid creates the technology that people use to make the most listened to, most watched and most loved media in the world. The shows, commercials, and news programs you watch on TV. The entertaining video and film stories you see on the web and on the big screen. The personal audio and video treasures that people make at home to preserve their favorite moments in life.

Our innovative digital audio and video solutions continue to revolutionize the art of creative storytelling, and have earned us hundreds of awards, including 2 Oscar® statuettes, a Grammy®, and 12 Emmys®.
Avid’s artists and experts make the differenc.

Avid DS Overview
High Resolution Conform, Compositing and Graphics
For facilities that need to create high-end content quickly and efficiently, Avid DS is the single source solution of choice, providing deep, high-resolution effects capabilities, rich creative workspaces, and a resolution-independent architecture. Now, you can meet the challenging demands of any project with DS tools that combine superior compositing, graphics, effects and finishing capabilities with advanced conform from Avid Media Composer and Avid Unity and Interplay integration.
High-end content creation tools
To create high-end content quickly and efficiently, Avid DS is the single source solution of choice, providing deep, high-resolution effects capabilities, multi-mode workspaces, and a resolution-independent architecture. Now, DS tools can help you meet any project demand by providing optimum workflow flexibility, performance, native support for the highest resolution footage, superior graphics, effects, and finishing capabilities.

Inspired Creativity
Inspiring creativity while keeping pace with your unique workflows, the sophisticated Avid DS toolset turns in stellar performances on any project, from broadcast promos and television projects to theatrical commercials, music videos, and feature films.

Maximum Workflow Control
Easy to install, integrate and use, Avid DS products feature high bit depth and high-resolution support, dual link I/O for HD-RGB, RED, ARRI and DPX finishing. Increase your system ability to work with R3Ds with the new RED ROCKET accelerator card available separately from RED Digital Cinema.
Open Integration
From start to finish, open integration with Avid Interplay, Avid Unity and Avid Media Composer allows Avid DS to make you more productive and creative. This powerful toolset allows you to finish any project and make every session more productive by accepting industry standard project formats such as AAF, EDL, and OMF.
Worldwide Community Support
Inspired by our worldwide community of passionate, world-class users, Avid provides an unparalleled level of service and support. Our online forums help you connect with the best editors in the business. Experienced, dedicated support and training programs keep you on top of your game at costs you can afford. Online real-world user communities provide feedback, news, and ongoing support. Read More..

The word geek is a slang term, noting individuals as "a peculiar or otherwise odd person, especially one who is perceived to be overly obsessed with one or more things including those of intellectuality, electronics, etc. Formerly, the term referred to a carnival performer often billed as a wild man whose act usually includes biting the head off a live chicken, bat, snake or bugs. The 1976 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary included only the definition regarding geek shows.

The definition of geek has changed considerably over time, and there is no longer a definitive meaning. The terms nerd, gimp, dweeb, dork, and spod have similar meanings as geek, but many choose to identify different connotations amongst these terms, although the differences are disputed. In a 2007 interview on The Colbert Report, Richard Clarke said the difference between nerds and geeks is "geeks get it done."Julie Smith defined a geek as "a bright young man turned inward, poorly socialized, who felt so little kinship with his own planet that he routinely traveled to the ones invented by his favorite authors, who thought of that secret, dreamy place his computer took him to as cyberspace—somewhere exciting, a place more real than his own life, a land he could conquer, not a drab teenager's room in his parents' house."Geeks in suits clothing" is phrase which has been used for IT technical stars which also have knowledge about business needs.

Other definitions include:

A derogatory reference to a person obsessed with intellectual pursuits for their own sake, who is also deficient in most other human attributes so as to impair the person's smooth operation within society.
A person who is interested in technology, especially computing and new media. Geeks are adept with computers, and use the term hacker in a positive way, though not all are hackers themselves.

• A person who relates academic subjects to the real world outside of academic studies; for example, using multivariate calculus to determine how they should correctly optimize the dimensions of a pan to bake a cake.

• A person who has chosen concentration rather than conformity; one who passionately pursues skill (especially technical skill) and imagination, not mainstream social acceptance.

• A person with a devotion to something in a way that places him or her outside the mainstream. This could be due to the intensity, depth, or subject of their interest. This definition is very broad but because many of these interests have mainstream endorsement and acceptance, the inclusion of some genres as "geeky" is heavily debated. Persons have been labeled as or chosen to identify as physics geeks, mathematics geeks, engineering geeks, sci-fi geeks, computer geeks, various science geeks, movie and film geeks (cinephile), comic book geeks, theater geeks, history geeks, music geeks, art geeks, philosophy geeks, literature geeks, historical reenactment geeks, 2012 geeks, video game geeks, and roleplay geeks.

A more recent school of thought sees nerd as being a derogatory phrase, whilst geek is simply a description. It is taken to be someone who is an enthusiast, often in things outside of the mainstream spectrum, of note is that in this definition, there is no reference to being socially inept in the slightest.

Reclamation and self-identification.
Although being described as a geek tends to be an insult, the term has recently become more complimentary, or even a badge of honor, within particular fields. This is particularly evident in the technical disciplines, where the term is now often a compliment, denoting extraordinary skill. Nerd Pride Day has been observed on May 25 in Spain since 2006 (May 25 being the world premiere date of Star Wars and also Towel Day). The holiday promotes the right to be nerdy or geeky, and to express it in public without shame. A new convention, Geek.Kon, has sprung up in Madison, Wisconsin with a purpose to celebrate all things geek. The website BoardGameGeek is an online community of boardgamers who identify themselves as geeks at game conventions; they call their website "The Geek," for short. Technical support services such as Geek Squad, Geeks on Call and Dial-a-Geek use the term geek to signify helpful technical abilities. In recent history, some geeks have cultivated a geek culture, such as geek humor and obscure references on t-shirts. The so-called geek chic trend is a deliberate affectation of geek or nerd traits as a fashion statement. Nonetheless, the derogatory definition of geeks remains that of a person engrossed in his area of interest at the cost of social skills, personal hygiene, and status.

There has been criticism over the widespread appropriation of the terms "geek" and "nerd" as self descriptors, especially by individuals who would have most likely not been described as such under the traditional stereotype. Along with efforts to de-emphasize the negative social aspects, in recent years there have been arguments for de-emphasizing the necessity for having noticeably exceptional levels of intelligence or technical aptitude. This has resulted in the desire to redefine the term geek rather as any person who pursues a passionate interest in anything regardless of genre, is creative, and individualistic. Arguments against the revisionist definitions, however, state that it is not only unneccasary, but it completely contradicts the traditional accepted definition of the terms which distinctly refer to persons who are noticeably above average intelligence, usually more adept in technically demanding fields, and socially awkward or alienated to some degree.

Geek chic


"Geek chic" refers to the embracing of stereotypically unpopular "geek" characteristics such as (taped) glasses, comic books, and video games.

It is highly debatable whether this trend actually means that "real geeks" are more popular than they were previously, or if it merely represents a superficial addition of "nerdy" elements to current fashion trends. Many elements that arguably define "geekiness", such as varying degrees of social awkwardness, mathematical ability, strong interest in science and/or science fiction and fantasy, and varying degrees of disinterest in one's personal appearance, remain unfashionable.[citation needed] Similar trends have often occurred in the past; for example, French Orientalism and exoticism of the 19th century incorporated visual elements from Asian and African cultures, but did not necessarily imply that people from these cultures were themselves viewed as fashionable.
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Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, and identifying errors related to the use of language in general or adherence to a specific style guide.
Technical editing may include any of the following: correction of grammatical mistakes, misspellings, mistyping, incorrect punctuation, inconsistencies in usages, poorly structured sentences, wrong scientific terms, wrong units and dimensions, inconsistency in significant figures, technical ambivalence, technical disambiguation, correction of statements conflicting with general scientific knowledge, correction of synopsis, content, index, headings and subheadings, correcting data and chart presentation in a research paper or report, correcting errors in citations.
This activity ensures that documentation is of good quality. In large companies, experienced writers are dedicated to the technical editing function. In organizations that cannot afford dedicated editors, experienced writers typically peer-edit text produced by their relatively less experienced colleagues.
It helps if the technical editor is familiar with the subject being edited, but that is not always essential. The "technical" knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology. In the long run, however, the skills that really matter are attention to detail, the ability to sustain focus while working through lengthy pieces of text on complex topics, tact in dealing with writers, and excellent communication skills.
Revising is also another form of editing. It is looking for awkward sentences, run-on sentences, and in general parts of the paper that don't make sense to the editor. Usually the writer revises his/her copy before turning it in.
A number of standards and tools (such as XML editors) have been elaborated for the editing of technical documents such as.

film editing.
Film editing is part of the post-production process of filmmaking. It involves the selection and combining of shots into sequences, and ultimately creating a finished motion picture. It is an art of storytelling. Film editing is the only art that is unique to cinema, separating film-making from other art forms that preceded it (such as photography, theater, dance, writing, and directing), although there are close parallels to the editing process in other art forms like poetry or novel writing. Film editing is often referred to as the "invisible art"[citation needed] because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not even aware of the editor's work.On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, and practice of assembling shots into a coherent whole. A film editor is a person who practices film editing by assembling the footage. However, the job of an editor isn’t simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. A film editor must creatively work with the layers of images, story, dialogue, music, pacing, as well as the actors' performances to effectively "redirect" and even rewrite the film to craft a cohesive whole. Editors usually play a dynamic role in the making of a film.
With the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture. Sound, music, and (more recently) visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor. It is common, especially on lower budget films, for the assistant editors or even the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are usually replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music, and visual effects teams hired to complete the picture.
Film editing is an art that can be used in diverse ways. It can create sensually provocative montages; become a laboratory for experimental cinema; bring out the emotional truth in an actor's performance; create a point of view on otherwise obtuse events; guide the telling and pace of a story; create an illusion of danger where there is none; and even create a vital subconscious emotional connection to the viewer, among many other possibilities.

Video editing
Video editing is the process of editing segments of motion video footage, special effects and sound recordings. Motion picture film editing is a predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing, in theory and the use of non-linear and linear editing systems. Using video or film, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events. The goals of editing is to manipulate these events for better or for worse communication. It is a visual art.
Early video recorders were so expensive, and the quality degradation caused by copying was so great, that 2 inch Quadruplex videotape was edited by visualizing the recorded track with ferrofluid and cutting with a razor blade or guillotine cutter and splicing with tape. Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of the flying erase head, allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already recorded on an existing tape. This technique was referred to as linear editing. If a scene closer to the beginning of the videotape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the tape again. In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a vision mixer to create more complex transitions between scenes.



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